Cheat Engine

[HolyForce]

Would anyone advise me with mathematics/tips on how player direction is usually implemented?

I'm doing various single player game "hacking" to practice some ASM and C++.

I am easily able to find X, Y and Z coordinates to teleport around the map. However, the direction one is facing is difficult. Often times I believe I find values related to it (because freezing them causes me to twitch), but I can never settle on some form of logic of how it works.

Any tips are appreciated. Thanks.

[Dark Byte]

Usually it's 2 or 3 variables
Horizontal axis (left<-->right)
Vertical axis (top<-->bottom)
And in some games the tilt

As for the logic it depends on the game engine.
Unreal for example stores the horizontal axis as a 2 byte value ranging from 0 to 65535, where 65536 is a full rotation

[HolyForce]

[atom0s]

Another method I've seen in some 3D style games is storing the 'heading' value in a float as a radian.

[mgr.inz.Player]

In XRayEngine games (S.T.A.L.K.E.R. ) there are radians too.

Up-Down angle is between 1.5 and -1.5
1.5 when looking down (85.94°)
0.0 when centered (0°)
-1.5 when looking up in the sky (-85.94°)

Left-Right angle - in 3D games, mostly, this is stored as radian, between -π and π. When you rotate ( counterclockwise ) it increases, from 0 up to π. After π is reached, it changes to -π. If you still rotate (counterclockwise) it increases from -π up to 0. (counterclockwise rotate - value is increasing)

XRayEngine Left-Right angle is radian too, But not closed in (-π,π) range. And value is increasing while clockwise rotate. So, you can see left-right angle for example as 30.0 radians (1718.87°). After quick-saving and quick-loading, it becomes -1.41 radians (-81.13°).
(1718.87° = 4*360° + 278,87° = 278,87°
278,87° - 360° = -81.13°)